Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research

ABSTRACT: A simple sensitive spectrophotometric method in UV region has been developed for the determination of Ceftazidime in bulk dosage form. The solution of ceftazidime in 0.1N HCl shows maximum absorbance at 261nm, beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 2-10 µg ml-1. The absorbance was found to increase linearly with increasing concentration of ceftazidime, which is corroborated by the calculated correlation coefficient value of 0.9981. The slope and intercept of the equation of the regression line are 0.0465 and 0.0007 respectively. The analysis were validated statistically and its recovery studies result of percentage shows that the method was not affected by the presence of excepients which proves suitability of the developed method for the routine estimation of ceftazidime bulk and solid dosage form. This method were extended to pharmaceutical formulations and there no interference from excepients and diluents. The proposed methods are economical and sensit...

ABSTRACT: In the present study, Adapalene gels were prepared using CMC Na, HPMC, HPC, Carbomer and combinations of cellulose derivatives; as base and PluronicPE-6200 as penetration enhancer for the treatment of Acne. The gels were evaluated for drug content, viscosity determination, in vitro permeation (Nylone-66) and stability studies. The drug content of the gels was found to range from 98-105.7 %. The viscosity of the gels ranged between 7100-83144 cps. . In-vitro diffusion profile of Adapalene gel (optimized formula F-22) obtained in ethanol with water (80:20) indicate that 40.33% drug release found within 6 hrs. while 35.22% of marketed preparation. Although the difference is insignificant, the percentage release of drug was found to increase in the following order of the polymer composition: Carbopol-980> Carbopol-940> Carbopol-934> HPC > SODIUM CMC> HPC+SODIUM CMC > METHYL CELLULOSE > HPMC > HPC+HPMC. Further the formulation F-22 was found to be st...

ABSTRACT: Metal chelates of biologically important Schiff bases namely 4-methyl-2-{[(5'-methyl-3'- isoxazolyl)imino] methyl} phenol(MEMIIMP) and 5-methoxy-2--{[(5'-methyl-3'- isoxazolyl)imino] methyl} phenol(MMIIMP) with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and VO(IV) have been synthesized. The metal chelates have been characterized by elemental analysis molar conductivity data TG, DTA, spectral (IR, 1H-NMR, Mass, ESR and electronic) and magnetic moments. The dissociation constants of Schiff bases and stability constants of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes have been determined potentiometrically in aquo organic medium at 30±1oC and at 0.1 M KNO3 ionic strength. Antimicrobial activities of Schiff bases and their complexes were screened against bacteria & fungi are discussed. Introduction :   Studies on a new kind of chemotherapeutic Schiff bases are now attracting the attention of biochemists. Schiff base complexes derived from 4-hydroxy salicylal...

ABSTRACT: Sustained release dosage forms are designed to release a drug at a predetermined rate by maintaining a constant drug level for a specific period of time with minimum side effects. In the recent years, focus on the development of controlled release drug delivery systems has increased. The basic rationale of controlled release drug delivery system optimises the biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug in such a way that its utility is maximized, side-effects are reduced and cure or control of the condition is achieved, in the shortest possible time by using smallest quantity of drug administered by the most suitable route. There are several advantages of sustained release drug delivery over conventional dosage forms like improved patient compliance due to less frequent drug administration, reduction of fluctuation in steady-state drug levels, maximum utilisation of the drug, increased safety margin of potent drug, reduction in healthca...

ABSTRACT: New series of methyl 2-(arylideneamino) benzoxazole -5-carboxylate derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of Schiff bases of methyl 2-aminobenzoxazole-5-carboxylate with appropriate aromatic aldehydes. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by means of IR, 1HNMR, mass spectral analysis. Further, the synthesized compounds (SH1-SH9) were screened for antiinflammatory activity by using Carrageenan – induced paw edema rat model. The results showed that, compounds SH1-SH3 and SH6-SH8 were significantly (p <0.0001) reduced the inflammation there by showed a promising antiinflammatory activity; where as the compound SH5 moderately reduced the inflammation. Only the two compounds i.e SH4 and SH9 showed very poor anti-inflammatory activity towards Carrageenan – induced paw edema rat.  Introduction :   Recent observations suggest that substituted benzoxazoles and related heterocycles, possess potential activity with lower...

ABSTRACT: Seven new chalcones and flavones containing substitued naphthalene nucleus in their structure were synthesized and the structures of these compounds were confirmed by spectral data. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Stahylococcus aureus. Introduction:   The flavoniods have been reported to possess a wide range of biological activites such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antinocicepative, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive and antifeedant. In view of these observations and in continuation of our work on biologically active chalcones and their heterocycles, we have been planned to synthesize the some new flavones (IIa-h) from chalcones (Ia-h) and also studied their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Stahylococcus aureus (S. aureus) using Tetracycline as a standard drug. Further details @ http://www.jocpr.com/ For more details @ http://www.jocpr...

ABSTRACT: Allium cepa is highly valued for its therapeutic properties. It has been used as a food remedy from time immemorial.Research shows that onions may help guard against many chronic diseases. That's probably because onions contain generous amounts of the flavonoid quercetin. Studies have shown that quercetin protects against cataracts, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In addition, onions contain a variety of other naturally occurring chemicals known as organosulfur com-pounds that have been linked to lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels.Although rarely used specifically as a medicinal herb, the onion has a wide range of beneficial actions on the body and when eaten (especially raw) on a regular basis will promote the general health of the body. The bulb is anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, lithontripic, stomachic and tonic. When used regularly in the diet ...

ABSTRACT: Nimesulide is a second generation non–steroidal anti–inflammatory agent, which is widely used in the long term therapy of rheumatoid arthritis, in alleviating pain and inflammation. But its short half-life (only 3–4hrs.), so its causes more fluctuation. After oral administration Nimesulide causes to produces heart burn, nausea, loose motions, pruritus, etc. The present study based on the preparation of bioadhesive topical gel of Nimesulide, so as to avoid all gastric side effects. For the preparation of bioadhesive topical gel natural polymer aegel marmelos (plant Bale) was used. Bioadhesive polymers are the agents which increases the contact between the formulation and biological membrane, so as to avoid the fluctuation of formulation and behave as a sustained release formulation. In the present study, prepared bioadhesive topical gel was evaluated with the help of different parameters like drug content, spreadability, extrudability, swelling index study, in–vitro dru...

ABSTRACT: A differential pulse polarographic (DPP) method for the determination of Flumetralin is described based on the reduction of a nitro group at a dropping mercury electrode (DME) in Briton-Robinson buffers of pH 2.0 to 12.0 using 25% acetone-water mixture as a solvent. Also a cyclic voltammetric (CV) technique has been used to study the behaviour of Flumetralin at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). The DPP method described here has been applied to the analysis of Flumetralin in formulations, grains, soils and spiked water samples. Both standard addtion and calibration methods were used for the analytical measurements. The lower detection limit was found to be 1.87x10-8 M. Introduction : Pesticides containing nitro substituents are extensively used in agriculture throughout the world. Flumetralin is one of the dinitroaniline pesticide families and is an economically important class of agricultural compound used to prevent the growth of grasses and weeds in cu...

ABSTRACT: Vasaka is a well-known herb in indigenous systems of medicine for its beneficial effects, particularly in bronchitis.Vasaka leaves, bark, the root bark, the fruit and flowers are useful in the removal of intestinal parasites. Vasaka herb is used for treating cold, cough, chronic bronchitis and asthma. The decoction of its root and bark in doses of 30 grams twice or thrice a day for 3 days can be given for this purpose. The juice of its fresh leaves can also be used in doses of a teaspoon thrice a day for days. In acute stages of bronchitis, vasaka gives unfailing relief, especially where the sputum is thick and sticky. It liquefies the sputum so that it is brought up more easily. For relief in asthma, the dried leaves should be smoked. In Ayurveda, a preparation made from vasaka flowers, known as gulkand is used to treat tuberculosis. The juice from its leaves should be given in doses of 2 to 4 grams in treating diarrhea and dysentery.A few fresh petals of vasaka flowe...

ABSTRACT: Carvedilol is a poorly water soluble oral antihypertensive agent, with problems of variable bioavailability and bioequivalence related to its poor water solubility. Carvedilol is a nonselective beta adrenergic blocking agent with alpha-1 blocking activity and is indicated for the treatment of hypertension and mild to moderate heart failure of ischematic or cardiomyopathic origin In the present work solubility was enhanced by using β- cyclodextrin as a complexing agent. Sweeteners and flavors were used to enhance the organoleptic properties of tablet. Solubility studies were performed to investigate the drug carrier interaction. I.R. and D.S.C studies carried out to investigate any interaction and stability of formulation. Tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. Prepared tablets were evaluated for thickness, uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, wetting time, in-vitro disintegration time, drug content and in vitro drug release. All the formulations ...

ABSTRACT: Variety of 2-amino-3-cyano-4-aryl-6-(1-napthyl amino)-pyridines 3(a-h) have been synthesized by reacting 1-(1-napthyl amino)-3-aryl-2-propen-1-ones 2(a-h) with malononitrile and ammonium acetate in methanol under reflux condition. Structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by the spectral analysis. Furthermore, all the synthesized products were screened for their antibacterial activity. Introduction : Among the wide variety of heterocycles that have been explored developing pharmaceutically important molecules like pyridines, cyano-pyridines have played an important role in the heterocyclic chemistry. Pyridine derivatives have occupied a unique position in medicinal chemistry. The naturally occurring B6-vitamins pyridoxine, pyrodoxal, pyridoxamine, and codecarbaxylase contain a pyridine nucleus. In addition to this, many naturallly occurring and synthetic compounds containing the pyridine scaffold possess interesting pharmacological properties. Amon...

ABSTRACT: Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones, such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains immature cells, called stem cells. The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body, the white blood cells that fight infections, and the platelets that help with blood clotting. If you have a bone marrow disease, there are problems with the stem cells or how they develop. Leukemia is a cancer in which the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells. With aplastic anemia, the bone marrow doesn't make red blood cells. Other diseases, such as lymphoma, can spread into the bone marrow and affect the production of blood cells. Other causes of bone marrow disorders include your genetic makeup and environmental factors. The cell compression caused by an overgrowth of the supporting fibrous tissue network, resulting in abnormally shaped cells and decreased numbers of cells. One cell line that becomes predominant because the c...

ABSTRACT: The Raman Effect occurs when light impinges upon a molecule and interacts with the electron cloud and the bonds of that molecule. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry, since vibrational information is specific to the chemical bonds and symmetry of molecules. It therefore provides a fingerprint by which the molecule can be identified.A new spectroscopy technique to uncover the precise sequence of atomic movements and structural changes that occur during complex chemical transformations. GFP involves a classic intermolecular proton transfer reaction to produce its fluorescent form. This happens on an ultra fast timescale - from 10 femtoseconds to 10 picoseconds. To perform structural measurements and determine the mechanism and pathway of any reaction occurring in this time range by using femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS). A great deal was known about the kinetics of the proton transfer reaction but little was known about the actual complexity ...

ABSTRACT: Medicinal plants are finding use as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and food supplements. Even as traditional source of medicines and they continue to play pivotal rule. Ethanolic extract of three medicinal plants viz., Acalypha indica, Ricinus communis and Euphorbia hirta were evaluated for there therapeutic potential as antimicrobial agent against six standard organisms 3 bacteria (Klebsiela pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and 3 fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporium, Penicillium chrysogenum) by using Filter Paper Disc Method. Antimicrobial efficacy of callus cultures of E. hirta with inhibition zone of 16 mm was found to highest against F. oxysporium (Fungus) and in A. indica with inhibition zone of 27 mm was found to maximum against K. pneumoniae (Bacteria). Contrary, in in vivo analysis of antimicrobial efficacy of A. indica with inhibition zone of 15 mm were found to highest against P. chrysogenum (Fungus) and E. hirta wit...

ABSTRACT: Ever since the accessibility of modern medicine increased all over the world, the rampant and misuse also increase considerably. A continuous research resulting in introduction of the newer compounds is going on. Many of these are being introduced and used without complete of drugs. The pharmacist because of different reasons is unable to practice the rational drug therapy that is supply right drug, at right time in right dose to the patient. The present article takes the help of some published reports to explain irrational or misuse of drug leading to fatal effect. The article also highlights the major reasons involved in the irrational use of drugs. Not only the irrational use but the drugs having the adverse reaction and hazardous effects are also used in large amount in developing nations due regulatory reasons. The use of these drugs without the complete knowledge has also a major problem. In this article the author has given emphasis on the drug hazards and ratio...

ABSTRACT: Anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen was encapsulated in niosome for topical application. Ketoprofen niosome were prepared by thin film hydration method technique using surfactant, cholesterol, dicetyl phosphate & drug mixture in different weight ratios. The prepared niosomes were characterized by various physicochemical parameters & evaluation of release studies of entrapped ketoprofen in niosomes were carried out by UV Visible spectrophotometric method. Introduction :   Niosomes are surfactant vesicles which are used to entrap several pharmaceutical drugs to enhance their sustainability . The present research is attempt towards development of topical application of ketoprofen niosomes. so that drug will reach to target site with enhance sustainability & stability. The novelty of research work is to provide effective and maximize drug concentrations and therapeutic value. Materials and Methods : Sorbitan Esters-20, 40, 60 & 80 & Ch...

ABSTRACT: The Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) has been known as the wonder tree for centuries in the Indian subcontinent. It has become important in the global context today because it offers answers to the major concerns facing mankind.Neem (Azadirachta indica) is considered harmless to humans, animals, birds, beneficial insects and earthworms, and has been approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency for use on food crops. Azadirachtin and other active ingredients in the neem seed have insecticidal properties that are effective against a broad spectrum of insects, many mites and nematodes, and even snails and fungi, and do not seem to generate resistance in the pests they affect. Nowadays, neem and its extracts are used in numerous herbal and allopathic medicines. What's more, even neem contraceptives are available in the market these days.Neem extract which have Nimbinin, nimbandiol as active constituents, alcoholic extract of the leaves was found to possess a signif...

ABSTRACT: Biologically important Schiff bases L1 8-nitro-2-{[(5'-methyl-3'-isoxazolyl) imino] methyl} naphtha [NMIIMN], L2 N-[5'-methyl-3'-isoxazolyl]-N-[(E)-1-(-2 Thiophene)] methylidine] amine [MITMA] have been synthesized. Metal Chelates of NMIIMN and MITMA with Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) metals have been synthesized and the structures of these chelates have been elucidated by elemental analysis, 1H _NMR, Mass, IR electronic spectral data and magnetic moments. From these studies it is found that the ligands NMIIMN and MITMA act as bidentate ligands coordinating through oxygen and nitrogen donor atoms in the case of NMIIMN, sulpher and nitrogen atoms in the case of MITMA. The chelates of Co (II), Ni (II) and Zn (II) appear to be octahedral and Cu (II) appears to be tetragonal geometry. Antimicrobial activity of the ligands and their metal complexes against bacteria (Bacillus, Pseudomonas) and fungus (R. Solani, A. Niger) has been carried out. It is f...

ABSTRACT: Aloe vera contains numerous vitamins and minerals, enzymes, amino acids, natural sugars and agents which may be anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial. The combination and balance of the plant's ingredients are what purportedly gives it its healing properties. The part of the Aloe vera which is used are the leaves. The Aloe is an Emollient, Purgative and Vulnerary. It is also used for its antibacterial, anesthetic and antiseptic properties, and is good to use as a tool for restoration of tissue. It is most commonly used on burns and minor cuts, especially good for sunburns, although it is being used for the treatment of skin cancer. Aloe is very useful on rashes caused by Poison Ivy, and it may help to draw out infection. It may help with Vaginal Yeast Infections, although this is not solid at this time. Aloe be made into a warm tea, made from the juice as a wash for eyes. The washing of eyes with Aloe may protect the eyes from ultraviolet rays from the sun. It can b...

ABSTRACT: N 4 [(E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene] isonicotinohydrazide abbreviated as NHPM were synthesized and characterized. Ti(IV) and Cu(II) metal complexes of this ligand prepared by reaction of fluoride salt of Ti(IV) and acetate salt of Cu(II) with NHPM in dry acetonitrle. Characterization of the ligand and its complexes was made by microanalyses, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and UV–Visible spectroscopy. These new complexes showed excellent antitumor activity against two kind of cancer cells that are K562 (human chronic myeloid leukemia) cells and Jurkat (human T lymphocyte carcinoma) cells. Introduction:   Presently, there is a growing interest in the coordination chemistry of structurally modified bio-ligands. Transition metal complexes with potential biological activity are the focus of extensive investigations . Metal complexes of biologically important ligands are sometimes more effective than the free ligands . Metal based drugs have been used in medicine for...

ABSTRACT: Migraine headaches result from a combination of blood vessel enlargement and the release of chemicals from nerve fibers that coil around these blood vessels. During the headache, an artery enlarges that is located on the outside of the skull just under the skin of the temple (temporal artery). This causes a release of chemicals that cause inflammation, pain, and further enlargement of the artery. A migraine headache causes the sympathetic nervous system to respond with feelings of nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. Migraine headaches have a female predominance with a peak in prevalence in the third and fourth decades of life. Women of reproductive age are liable to develop their first migraine while pregnant or exhibit changes in the character, frequency or severity of their headaches during pregnancy and the puerperium. The purpose of this Review is to examine the pathophysiology underlying the development of migraine headaches and the association of this pathophysiology...